According to modern estimations, the Roman army was of 400,000600,000strong in the mid-4thcentury. Biography; Electronic books; History; Biographies; Language eng Summary Ammianus Marcellinus, Greek by birth but writing in Latin c. AD 390, was the last great Roman historian. TheodosiusI renewed their persecution, describing them as followers of a sect who meet in "nefarious retreats and wicked recesses". His is the last major historical account of the late Roman Empire which survives today. [170] He consecrated a moderate Arian priest Ulfilas bishop to lead a proselytizing mission among the Goths across the Danube in 341. Unilateral divorce was limited to cases of serious crimes, like poisoning, committed by husband or wife. The nearly 300bishops who assembled at the First Council of Nicaea adopted a creed emphasizing that the Son was of the same nature as the Father. The way in which Ammianus wrestled with the questions of objectivity, the way in which he used he drew on own presence at events to construct history while aware of political consequences of what he wrote, remain of considerable interest. [11] On the other hand, the Visigoths and Huns were no better than wild animals, and should be treated as such. [184][185] Judaism was never outlawed, but Christian converts to Judaism lost their property and Jews could not hold imperial offices. 3 He was married to Constantia, daughter of Constantine the Great and Fausta, wrongly called Constantina, XIV. Besides shedding light on many events from the reign of Constantius to the calamitous defeat at Adrianople - including striking portraits of emperors Julian and Valentinian - his work offers as well a compelling description of Late Roman society. [31][32] As the continuous payment of soldiery could be secured only by the regular debasement of the Roman silver coins, the denarii, inflation became uncontrollable. Diocletian replaced the old system with a new hierarchy of imperial officials and made the senatorial rank available to all who held high offices in imperial administration. When writing of events familiar to them or their acquaintances, they are mostly reliable. He choose his younger brother Valens, entrusting him with the administration of the eastern half of the empire. He was aware, though, that many of the freedoms that had been enjoyed had been curtailed, describing at length the reigns of terror instituted by successive emperors and by the deplorable crew of secret police, spies and informers who surrounded them.[23] He also deplored the decent of the nobility into pointless pursuits, commenting that when intellectuals were expelled from Rome, thousands of dancing-girls received permission to stay.[24] He appears to have believed that a moral and cultural revival would save the city, The City is glorious and eternal but its current manifestations, seen in high and low society alike, are vile and call imperatively for the moral recovery which will save the empire.[25] He associated Rome with liberty and believed that moral renewal would revive a system that was not, itself, at fault. Examples include the Life of Macrina about a wealthy and pious aristocrat Macrina the Younger. He died in prison in the Sassanian Empire, but his disciples spread his teaching and established Manichaean communities all over the Roman Empire. Aetius regularly hired them to fight against the Burgundians, Visigoths and the rebellious Bagaudae of Gaul. The Goths under his rule, now known as Visigoths, elected his brother-in-law Athaulf his successor. Much of this book focuses on Ammianus own commanding officer, Ursicinus. Share to Facebook. Ammianus was solidly prejudiced against the Persians, whom he considered the hereditary enemies of the Roman Empire. [121], Roman citizens regarded the defense of their homeland as the emperors' prime duty. [63] He appointed his cousin Gallus to rule the eastern provinces as Caesar, but Gallus' despotic measures caused massive discontent. The project failed because an earthquake destroyed the building site. His order about the sprinkling of foods with water used by pagan priests during sacrifices was particularly provocative for Christians. It is a major source of information on the Roman world of the fourth century and one of the few sources on Roman Britain during this period. Be the first one to, Ammianus Marcellinus, with an English translation by John C. Rolfe, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). Portraying a time of rapid and dramatic change, Marcellinus describes an Empire exhausted by excessive taxation, corruption, the financial ruin of the middle classes and the progressive decline in the morale of the army. As Valentinian was only four, Gratian became the sole ruler of their father's part of the empire. [163], Debates about the traditoresChristians who had given up holy books to state authorities or made pagan sacrifices during the Great Persecutionintensified in Numidia in the 310s. Ammianus and the late Roman Army 93 ther.4 Constantine had fashioned a large central reserve distinct in . With the regular appointment of five praetorian prefects, each ruling a well defined group of dioceses, new territorial administrative units, known as praetorian prefectures, came into being during his reign. Ancient authors: Ammianus Marcellinus (late fourth century CE), Roman Antiquities / Res Gestae 14.4 (link to Latin text and full translation). The surviving eighteen books cover the period from 353 to 378. The fourth century soldier Ammianus Marcellinus' book of Roman history provides a remarkably accurate and impartial record, giving readers a succinct understanding of the fall of the Roman Empire. He appears to have consciously begun where Tacitus . Around 531 he banned all who had not received the orthodox/nicean baptism from teaching and serving in state administration. His Wars covers military actions. Non-compliant Christians were executed or forced into exile and the purge continued until Emperor Gallienus put an end to it in 260. She appointed a senior officer Felix to the supreme commandership and sent Aetius to Gaul. Drijvers, Jan Willem, and David Hunt. [97][98] In response to a persecution of Persian Christians, Theodosius declared war on Persia, but a Hunnic invasion of the Balkans forced him to renew the peace with the Sassanian Empire. Each diocese was ruled by a vicarius who reported to one of the two praetorian prefects. Constans fell victim to a conspiracy by a military commander Magnentius who was proclaimed emperor early in 350. An individual's status depended on their wealth, occupation, family connections and career. [15] Ammianus was aware that writing about contemporary, including events to which he was a witness, raised questions about impartiality. [123], The making of strategic decisions was the emperor's monopoly, but in many cases he was far away from military emergency. [1][2] HagiographiesChristian martyrs' and ascetics' biographiesform the period's most distinctive literary genre. Their conflict enabled an ambitious Gothic leader Alaric I to take control of the western Balkans. Ammianus Marcellinus was a fourth-century Roman historian and his work the "Res Gestae", known in English as "The Later Roman Empire", is one of the most important historical accounts to have survived from ancient Rome. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. A new high-ranking official, the magister officiorum, was first mentioned in 320. After being beset by invasion, civil war and internal difficulties for a century, the Roman Empire that Diocletian inherited in AD 284 desperately needed the organizational drive he brought to the task of putting its administration and defences on a newly secure footing. Mint coins that depicted himself, dio, and max as equal rulers of the empire Never had official acknowledgement from the other 2 emperors to share power Tetrarchy (293 CE) Diocletian Aug. East Galerius Caesar Maximian Aug. West -> northern Italy Constantius Chlorus Caesar -> up in the northern part Inspired by the danger imposed by . The author expresses himself in the obscure and labored Latin typical of the late empire. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Valentinian survived, only to die of stroke after a heated encounter with Quadian envoys in the Pannonian Brigetio in 376. [180], Jews lived in most cities in the Roman Empire. . The senators preferred to resist, but Stilicho paid the tribute because he wanted to seize Illyricum from the Eastern Romans with Alaric's support. He essentially wrote a continuation of Tactius' histories, covering the period between the Emperor Nerva and . The first thirteen of his thirty-one books are lost; the remainder describe a period of only twenty-five years (A.D. 354-378) and the reigns of the emperors Constantis, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and Valens, for which he is a prime authority. The Visigoths left Italy and joined the coalition supporting Jovinus in Gaul, but after Honorius promised grain supplies to them, Athaulf captured and beheaded Jovinus. Book 20 returns to his focus on Ursicinus, describing what Ammianus sees as his unfair dismissal and Constantius attempt to remove Julian from his post in Gaul, which resulted in the troops hailing Julian as emperor (360). RomeHistoryEmpire, 284-476Historiography. We are experiencing technical difficulties. The Later Roman EmpirePrefaceIntroductionFurther ReadingFamily Tree of Constantine the GreatIntroductory Note, The Later Roman EmpireBook 14Book 15Book 16Book 17Book 18Book 19Book 20Book 21Book 22Book 23Book 24Book 25Book 26Book 27Book 28Book 29Book 30Book 31, Notes on the TextNote on Officials and their TitlesNotes on PersonsDates of EmperorsGeographical keyMapsGeneral MapMonuments of RomeMap A: Gaul, Germany, and the RhineMap B: The Danube, Italy and ThraceMap C: The East and PersiaMap D: Asia Minor, Sign up for news about books, authors, and more from Penguin Random House, Visit other sites in the Penguin Random House Network. [6] He was sent to serve under Ursicinus, governor of Nisibis in Mesopotamia, and magister militiae. [136] Pagan temples were first closed under ConstantiusII, but Julian re-opened them. after 390) was a native Greek speaker who served in the Roman army and in about 390 completed the Res gestae, a Latin history in thirty-one books from Nerva to Valens (the years 96 to 378 CE).The eighteen surviving books cover his own times, from 353 to 378, and fall naturally into three "hexads" or groups of six books. In a letter to the eastern provincials, he stated that "It is one thing to take on willingly the contest for immortality, quite another to enforce it with sanctions". He set himself the task of continuing the histories of Tacitus from A.D. 96 down to his own day. He not only allowed them to settle in groups in Thrace and Dacia Ripensis as foederati, or allies, but also recognized their right to live under their own chieftains' rule. Writing when Rome was facing her decline and when barbarians were attacking from the North, Ammianus was aware that Rome was entering what he called her old age. He wrote: Declining into old age, and often owing victory to its name alone, Rome has come to a quieter period of its existence.[22]. 2. Traditional imperial titulature was expanded with titles like dominus ("lord"), and Jovius or Herculius (in reference to the gods Jupiter and Hercules, respectively). The provincial governors were no more responsible for military affairs, although they were occasionally ordered to lead a military campaign or build a fort. His is the last major historical account of the late Roman Empire which survives today. Buy. Share to Twitter. Ammianus Marcellinus (b. c. 330d. [33] In his last six books, he is much more reluctant top discuss religion or to refer to pagan philosophers because under Theodosius I it was again Christianity that was officially sanctioned. [73] Theodosius restored Valentinian as emperor in the west, but put him under the guardianship of a Frankish military commander Arbogast. From 382 Manichaeans could not inherit property and their religious meetings were forbidden, from the late 5thcentury they were sentenced to exile or death. [93] A Gallic aristocrat Jovinus secured the support of a coalition of Burgundians, Alans and other peoples and had himself proclaimed Augustus in Mainz. [153], The peaceful period came to an abrupt end with the Great Persecution under Diocletian. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. [Ammianus Marcellinus; Walter Hamilton; Andrew Wallace-Hadrill] -- A history of Rome during the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and Valens, by a fourth century army officer. [151] By the end of the 3rdcentury, clerical hierarchy had stabilized and the bishops emerged as the paramount leaders of the local Christian communities. By clicking SIGN UP,I acknowledge that I have read and agree to Penguin Random Houses, Books To Celebrate Lunar New Year for Any Age, Editor's Picks: Science Fiction & Fantasy, The Best Books to Get Your Finances in Order, Cook a Soul Food Holiday Meal With Rosie Mayes, certain categories of personal information, discloses, sells, or shares certain personal information. [30] In the west, a rebel provincial governor, Postumus ruled a "Gallic Empire" from 259; in the east, Queen Zenobia established an independent Palmyrene Empire in 267. Official meetings began with acclamations in their honor emphasizing the divinely sanctioned nature of their rule. New border fortresses were built along the Danube and a selective settlement program was introduced, allowing some Carpians to move from their north-Danubian homeland to Pannonia and Moesia. Books 21, 22, 23, and 24 all cover Julians reign, including his campaign against the Persians. He almost certainly regarded history as a tool to help understand the past in order to shape the present and to influence the future. He accompanied this emperor, for whom he expresses enthusiastic admiration, in his campaigns against the Alamanni and the Sassanids. One of the masterpieces of Greco-Roman literature is the history written by Ammianus Marcellinus near the end of the fourth century A.D. His work bears unique witness to an empire struggling at once toward traditional and transformation, the old Rome of Augustus and the new Rome of Christ. Porphyry of Tyre praised their piety, an Egyptian group using the name Hermes Trismegistus promoted the adoption of allegedly Egyptian priestly traditions, and Porphyry's pupil Iamblichus completed a coherent polytheist theological system under the Egyptian pseudonym, Abammon. The "Fall" of the Roman Empire. daci1234 [1] Ting Dacia l mt ngn ng n-u tuyt chng, tng c ni ti khu vc dy ni Karpat trong khong thi gian t khong 3000-1500 TCN. Required Texts (all also on reserve): Ammianus Marcellinus The Later Roman Empire St. Augustine Confessions Early Christian Lives Eusebius The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine Gregory of Tours A History of the Franks Procopius The Secret History. [29], Ammianus was a pagan, and some have said that he marginalizes Christianity repeatedly in his account. The rest of the field army remained under the emperor's direct command and the imperial field army was divided into two units on the division of the empire between ValentinianI and Valens in 364. The despaired Goths revolted and they were joined by Hunnic raiders. He re-unified the Roman Empire, but he died on 17January 395. They restored religious freedom, abolishing all laws limiting the Christians' civil rights. Book 25 describes Julians death in 363. [179], Ascetics like Pachomius and Anthony who settled in remote places in the Egyptian desert originated Christian monasticism in the late 3rdcentury. 1990s. [131] When praying, a pagan often used formulas that had allegedly been disclosed to the leaders of their native town by an oracle. Alexandria tsunami which devastated the metropolis and the shores of the eastern Mediterranean on 21 July of that year. English: LoC Class: DG: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere: Italy, Vatican City, Malta: Subject: Rome -- History . The early-7th-century Theophylact Simocatta is the least reliable Later Roman historian: both his chronology and topography are chaotic. In a year, an anti-Gothic popular riot broke out in Constantinople and Arcadius dismissed Gainas with the support of an other Gothic general Fravitta. [23] Distance between emperors and Roman citizens increased and the ceremony of prostration was first documented during the Severans' reign. He subsequently settled in Rome, where he wrote in Latin a . In comparison with previous periods, studies on Later Roman history are based on diverse but mainly biased written sources. [92] Maximus attacked Constantine in Gaul and the two usurpers' conflict gave Honorius' general Constantius the opportunity to intervene. [160] According to Emperor Julian, Christianity owed its success primarily to the Christians' generous acts of charity, their special care for the dead and their attempt to live a virtuous life, because all these features were of particular importance for the impoverished masses of Roman society. Ammianus Marcellinus mentions the participation of the Picts in the barbarian coalition of 368 in Brittany. Yet he could not contemplate her actual Fall, believing that in the end its own heritage would enable its survival. [138][183] Leading Christian intellectuals described Judaism as a major threat to Christianity from the late 4thcentury. For instance, after the 348 earthquake in Beirut pagans started praying in the Christian church, but they did not abandon all their pagan customs. The legend of Maximilian of Tebessa, an early conscientious objector indicates that the number of Christian troops was not insignificant around 295. The plundering of the Eternal City shocked the Romans although the Goths quickly abandoned it. [102][103] To counterbalance Aetius' power, Galla Placidia recalled Bonifatius from Africa and made him the supreme commander of the Western Roman army. Their children were to be educated in Christian environment and those who resisted were banished from the empire. [90][91], Attalus could not provide the Goths with sufficient food and Alaric deserted him. [174], Valens appointed the moderate Arian Demophilus to the see of Constantinople, but the western bishops insisted on the Nicene doctrine. [36] The size of the Christian communities had significantly grown in large urban centers like Rome, Antioch, Alexandria and Carthage in the early 3rdcentury. [20][21], Looking back from the early 3rdcentury, the Roman historian Cassius Dio concluded that the Roman Empire had descended "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust" after Emperor Marcus Aurelius' death in 180AD. After a Persian invasion of Mesopotamia, Constantius hurried to the east. While the date of his death is unknown, he lived very near to the end of the 4th century AD. [5][6] Orosius was the first scholar to integrate elements of classical and church history in the 420s. The best contemporary source of information about Britain in the late fourth century is the late-imperial historian Ammianus Marcellinus. Maternus Cynegius, the christian praetorian prefect of the East, was accused of allowing the destruction of pagan temples by fanatic mobs, but some recent authors, however, have questioned his role in events and his overall reputation as a christian fanatic and temple destroyer. He was born about A.D. 330 in Syrian Antioch, of a good Greek family, 1 and probably received his early education in his native city. 4. [116], Constantine removed the praetorian prefects' most military functions, although they remained responsible for recruitment and supply of armies. A comprehensive study which introduces the reader to the vigour and variety of the fourth century AD. Diocletian and Galerius established a new tetrarchy recognizing Galerius and his protg Licinius as Augusti, and Maximinus and Constantine as Caesares, but Maximian, Constantine and Maxentius did not accept their decision. [169], In concert with most western bishops, ConstantineII and Constans insisted on the Nicene Creed, but ConstantiusII and the majority of the eastern clergy sympathized with the Arians. He married Honorius' half-sister, Galla Placidia who had been captured during the sack of Rome. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber and Constantine seized Italy and Africa. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians. The First Council of Constantinople reaffirmed the Nicene Creed, complementing it with a statement about the full divinity of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity. [175][176] The Goths and most other barbarians who settled in the empire remained Arians and their strong position in the imperial army secured the survival of Arianism. [18] In comparison with the classical age, Late Roman inscriptions are available in lesser quantity. The new imperial aristocracy was based on office-holding instead of inherited wealth and family connections. Ammianus Marcellinus Soldier-Historian of the Late Roman Empire (Semple Lectures, University of Cincinnati, 1964), 22-26 offers a recent summary of the evidence. The history, in 31 books, covered the years from A.D. 96 to 378; only Books XIV-XXXI, covering the . Walter Hamilton, trans. Likewise only fragments are known from the works of Ammianus' continuator, Sulpicius Alexander. Following the example of Herodotus he often digressed to describe the geography, people and whatever he found curious, such as geese which make no sound when they are crossing the Taurus and the fact that Constantius never ate fruit. Devastated the metropolis and the rebellious Bagaudae of Gaul aetius to Gaul 153 ], Ammianus was solidly against. Renewed their persecution, describing them as followers of a sect who meet in `` retreats. His younger brother Valens, entrusting him with the Great and Fausta, wrongly called Constantina,.... 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