Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. Every summer I visited the Gettysburg RR and was ready to go again in June 1995 when the news came out that this happened. Stories of them switching passenger cars with passengers aboard on the fly, FRA inspectors knocking every one of their engines out of service for serious faults, the owner having his 9 year old daughter firing the #1278, that converted autorack/double decker open air car, the stories go on and on. 1278 was leased to Ross Rowland, who used the locomotive to pull his very first High Iron Company (HICO) excursion between Jersey City and Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania on October 13, 1966. [3], On June 16, 1995, steam engine No. When we were done with my two hour locomotive driving lesson, Brian confessed, You took me off guard a bit because you knew way more than I expected. You cannot imagine how much Ilovedhearing this. Gettysburg Railroad 1278 Published: Apr 5, 2020 By WilliamsAmazingArtX 9 Favourites 14 Comments 806 Views canadian canadianpacific cp cpr g5 gettysburg pacific steamtown 1278 4_6_2 canadianpacificrailway boilerexplosion canadianpacificrailroad gettysburgrailroadageofsteamroundhouseage_of_steam_roundhousecanadianpacific1278g5d It seems after 95 there have been far few steam excursions. None of the 310 passengers or other crewmembers were injured. Thankfully though, the design of 1278's boiler and crown sheet was a factor that helped prevent both serious injuries to the passengers and deaths of the crew, as the crown sheet only bulged downwards, but didn't result in the whole boiler exploding. A steam locomotive is essentially a boiler on wheels. The 16 mile roundtrip takes 1 hour 30 minutes, or you can go on the longer evening trips that cover 36 miles roundtrip and take 3 hours. Day and night service. It also operated a tourist railroad under a subsidiary, Gettysburg Passenger Services. Posted: Thu Aug 01, 2013 3:00 pm. [2][3] The engine worked most of its career hauling freight and passenger trains throughout the Canadian Pacific Railway until it was retired from revenue service in 1960.[2]. The new number remained on the locomotive from 1966 until 1973, when its former number was restored. To learn about how ignoranceandneglect led to this calamity, see the accidentreport here: NTSB Report. This article contains a list of steam boiler explosions such as railway locomotive, marine transport (military and civilian), and stationary power. About 18:00, as a dinner train, it started its third and last trip of the day. Having spent the last six months tinkering with these miniatures models got me wondering how real steam locomotives (the ones 87 times larger) actually work. WilliamsAmazingArtX. The engineer, who had third-degree burns over 65 percent of his body, was airlifted to a burn center near Philadelphia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway_No._1278?wprov=sfti1. Yes, it makes steam engines more expensive to operate but they are much safer. (Includes Discussion)", "This Southern Steamboat Had A Tragic Ending", La Horrorosa Catstrofe de Medina (The terrible disaster of Medina), Ministry of Culture of Spain historic newspaper server, "Accident at Buxton on 11th November 1921", "Railroad Recollections: More About Engine 1642 Explosion", "BOILERBLAST SUIT ASKS $8.2 MILLION; 10 Sue in '62 Phone Building Explosion Fatal to 23", "Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad Near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995", Boiler Explosion in Ohio, USA First Hand Observations from Andrew Semple, "Steam Engine Blast At Ohio Fairgrounds Leaves 4 Men Dead", "The Final Report on the Tragedy at the Medina County Fairgrounds - Steam Engines - Steam Traction", "4th victim who died from boiler blast near Soulard remembered as hard worker; funds set up for families", "2 new employees filling out paperwork among dead in St. Louis boiler explosion", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_boiler_explosions&oldid=1132473899, Midland Railway 363 (ex Bristol and Gloucester Railway 7. 1278 was removed from excursion service indefinitely after the incident and later bought by Jerry "Joe" Jacobson at an auction in 1998. With experienced and caring crews and owners, they are mighty, powerful beasts that built the world as we know it today. The Age of Steam Roundhouse Museum in Sugarcreek, Ohio, owns and proudly displays former Canadian Pacific 4-6-2 #1278, the steam locomotive that 25 years ago was involved in a boiler incident on the former Gettysburg tourist railroad. Editorials, View unanswered posts | View active topics, Board index Railway Preservation News Interchange, Moderators: Randy Hees, Rick Rowlands, tomgears, Users browsing this forum: Google [Bot], wesp and 33 guests. Commence $75 month. 1293. An investigation was quickly put into motion by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), who initially concluded not enough water was flowing in the engine boiler, but as the investigation progressed, more contributing factors to the explosion were discovered. Disasters can be avoided ifthe locomotive is properly maintained at all times, and if the engineer ensures that the water level remains high enough to maintain the boilersintegrity. 0000030300 00000 n Originally built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in 1917. They were crewed by people who should never have been anywhere near a steam engine and were trying to run three of them on a shoestring budget. History []. The guys operatingGettysburg Locomotive 1278 kept their eyes on it too, which unfortunately for them displayed a false reading throughout their excursion. 1278 suffered a boiler backdraft explosion while hauling an excursion train, seriously injuring the engineer and both firemen, however, no passengers were injured. From. When they are operated carelessly, they are a literal ticking time bomb. INDIANA, Pa. Sloan Cornell, one of the pioneers of the steam tourist railroad industry, died on April 20 at age 85. ong>Locomotive ong> 1278. It was further determined that those operating the locomotive did not understand the full scope of their duties and did not coordinate their efforts to ensure the highest degree of safety. 2317 for Steamtown's active roster at the time. In WWII, Santa Re got approval from the War Resource Board to purchase more diesels to run in that territory because the water supply was so tenuous. I leaned over the cab rail and yelled, Whats the matter? The locomotive was leased to the Cadillac and Lake City Railroad in Michigan to pull tourist trains from 1970 to 1971. Steam Locomotive Firebox Explosion on the Gettysburg Railroad near Gardners, Pennsylvania June 16, 1995 About 7:20 p.m. on June 16, 1995, the firebox crownsheet of Gettysburg Passenger Services, Inc., steam locomotive 1278 failed while the locomotive was pulling a six-car excursion train about 15 mph near Gardners, Pennsylvania. [1] The Gettysburg Railroad was sold to Delaware Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary of RailAmerica, in 1996. [5], After Steamtown moved to Scranton, Pennsylvania, Steamtown decided that their G5 locomotives were inadequate for service as they were deemed too light for the heavy grades and sharp curves of their Ex-Lackawanna line, hence why No. After becoming the Susquehanna, Gettysburg & Potomac Railway line in 1870, the tracks between Gettysburg and Hanover Junction became part of the Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroad in 1874, the . 0000002054 00000 n 1278 suffered a boiler backdraft explosion while hauling an excursion train, seriously injuring the engineer and both firemen, however, no passengers were injured. The Gettysburg Railroad was a short-line heritage railroad that operated in Pennsylvania from 1976 to 1996. The cab hissed, thumped and crankedas I stoodthere, sweating from the heat while taking in this mad science scene. [13] The excursion train was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the train's trip. During slow climb up moderate grade, the boiler exploded, seriously burning the engineer and two firemen. Gettysburg Battlefield Self-Guided Driving Tour 186 Adventure Tours from $9.99 per adult Gettysburg American Brew Tour Walking Tours from $69.00 per adult Gettysburg: Baltimore St. and Jennie Wade House Walking Tour 2 City Tours from $122.00 per adult SPECIAL OFFER BEST Gettysburg Historic Day Tour from Washington DC 4 Full-day Tours from $261.00 Gettysburg Railroad, Biglerville, PA - Color Version by jimkleeman. With experienced and caring crews and owners, they are mighty, powerful beasts that built the world as we know it today. to a man in New Hampshire. However, the way 1278s firebox was designed prevented the boiler itself from suffering an external explosion, which in turn prevented deaths and additional injuries. You cant just hop in and drive it away. It's fun for kids of all ages and one of the best Gettysburg tours! [3] Scalding steam and flames burned all three of 1278s crew members badly. It was acquired by the Gettysburg Railroad in 1977. When the investigators examined the locomotive components closely, they found that the boiler and its associated equipment had not been maintained well enough to ensure safe operation and that some repairs had been done incorrectly. The railroad shipped freight for local companies and interchanged with CSX Transportation in Gettysburg and Conrail at Carlisle Junction in Mount Holly Springs. Articles | Please read DPLA's Statement on Potentially Harmful Content. 4 9. Who knew that gettysburg was in Michigan. 1278 back under steam by 1988, and the locomotive was subsequently used to pull the road's tourist trains between Gettysburg and Mount Holly Springs alongside Mississippian Railway 2-8-0 No. 0 6. But only one person moved upthree rows. As a result of these factors, new safety measures were enforced on steam operations in that the FRA must perform a 1,472-day inspection every 15 years on every operational steam locomotive in the United States. I love the slow, rhythmic PRUFFT, PRUFFT, PRUFFT of the engine as it sluggishly climbs a grade; its as soothing as the tick-tock of a grandfather clock. Gettysburg Railroad 1278 [52] June 16, 1995: Locomotive . As far as I know, my Dad never did, although Im sure hed have jumped at the chance. I saw and handled a small piece of that crownsheet a number of years ago; it was a lovely shade of deep blue. GCR doesn't do that, they pump it in and don't spill a drop. The failure resulted in an instantaneous release (explosion) of steam through the firebox door and into the locomotive cab, seriously burning the engineer and the two firemen. The absolute best thing about driving a steam locomotive is the sound. 2102, which masqueraded as D&H No. Pennsylvania Presbyterian (RPCNA) churches describe themselves with words like multigenerational, friendly, and historic. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Write immediately for free Sample questions. In response to a brewery explosion, a private society is founded to offer boiler inspections to its members. The Gettysburg Railroad was a railway line in Pennsylvania that operated from 1858-1870 over the 17 mile (27 km) main line from the terminus in Gettysburg to the 1849 Hanover Junction. The result was a controlled boiler explosion which was prevented from being the classic catastrophic boiler explosion due to the unique staybolt design used by the Canadian Pacific Railway.In hindsight the wheezing air compressor is telling, but in 1991 #1278 was just another tourist hauler going about her trade.Visit the Diverging Clear Productions eBay store at http://shop.ebay.com/oglalarail/m.html . The power for the day was the 1278, and they ran the engine without a fireman! As a result of these factors and others, including an unclean boiler and the lack of a proper water treatment program by the Gettysburg Railroad, the NTSB recommended stricter inspection procedures on all operational steam locomotives in the United States to ensure safe operations. Bad deal all the way around. The Gettysburg Railroad was sold to Delaware Valley Railroad Company, a subsidiary of RailAmerica, in 1996. All aboard! [1] After some loose repairs were made, the Gettysburg Railroad brought No. [2][1] In 2016, No. There are no on-board instructions to follow. She might have landed in Merrill Oregon. Ross, jump in here if you wish, as you actually ran her. [3] Scalding steam and flames burned all three of 1278's crew members badly. It currently remains on static display as 1556 at the. The National Transportation Safety Board determines that the probable cause of the firebox explosion on steam locomotive 1278 was the failure of Gettysburg Passenger Services, Inc., management to ensure that the boiler and its appurtenances were properly maintained and that the crew was properly trained. Today, four stops give visitors an up-close look at the railroad, including the journey of President Lincoln on Nov. 18, 1863. The crownsheet holes around the crown stays have been deformed, creating gaps around the crown stay heads. The locomotive returned to Steamtown soon after the excursion ended. The latter company subsequently changed its name to Gettysburg Railroad. -St Mary's Hospital, Pennington Avenue, Passaic, New Jersey: Cleaver Brooks boiler Explosion 7/15/2006. Lehigh Valley Rail Management: Bethlehem Division, This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 13:04. 2.88K subscribers This is the operation that changed the rules for tourist railroads, if only because the Gettysburg Railroad became the textbook case of improper maintenance. Saint John's At New Chester United Church of Christ Saint John's At New Chester United Church of Christ Also, not many employees of the Gettysburg Railroad, including the crew on 1278 that day, knew how to properly blow down the water glass. The only good thing about it being #1278 was that the CP welded crown sheet design kept it from being a true boiler explosion. Ifmaintained poorly or operated wantonly, alocomotive can quickly transform itselffrom a darling little puff-puff into an angry, hot, tank-load of TNT. trailer << /Size 66 /Info 48 0 R /Root 51 0 R /Prev 315803 /ID[<66c850a6df92980d8a6d6a8d8f67582d>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 51 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 47 0 R /Metadata 49 0 R /PageLabels 46 0 R >> endobj 64 0 obj << /S 176 /L 237 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 65 0 R >> stream In 1987, No. I rode the Gettsburg RR the summer before their accident with the 1278. The 1830s. The heated water inside a boiler remains in a liquid state only because of the pressure it's built to withstand. . WilliamsAmazingArtX. [2] Since 1999, it sat in an Ohio Central Railroad storage facility in Morgan Run, Ohio for several years. Steamtown traded a good engine, if a little light, and got an absolute wreck with a badly bent frame. On Friday, June 16, 1995, engine 1278 was taking a Summer Eve Dinner Excursion to Mount Holly Springs, but at 7 p.m. at Garners while moving at 15 miles per hour, the locomotives firebox suffered a backdraft explosion. 1278 Sugarcreek, OH, United States: Location: Age of Steam Roundhouse Status: Display: Wheel Arrangement Information: Whyte: 4-6-2: UIC: 2'C1' French: 231: Name: Pacific: Example: . Explore other compensations for Vendor Administrator. Common education sufficient. With this section cut out, you will be able to photograph both sides of the crown sheet while standing on the grates. Gettysburg Railroad 1278 train. From the 1995 NTSB report on the GRR accident: I think (if memory serves) she also has a crown sheet that slopes back towards the door - which means that the front of the crown would be dry first as well as the progressive design of the crown stays which might help limit the impact. [13] The excursion train was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the train's trip. [14] The accident kept the railroad from running excursion trips for approximately one week, before they were resumed using engine No. Thats going to be worth somethingsomeday. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Always blow out each gage-glass and water-column connection at least once each day. On June 16, 1995, steam engine No. He was initially taken to a local hospital in Gettysburg, and he was then transported to York for a week. The locomotive had had a variety of. As of 2023, it is currently undergoing restoration by the, It operated for the railroad from 1985 to 1989 before it was sold to the, It was used on the railroad from 1978 to 1983. Hb```f``Ab@1=n"f6uWfJPyte }{ex.X\uP*T^ b di@LYTyXu~7L k NS CCZ|O2 3D endstream endobj 65 0 obj 213 endobj 52 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 47 0 R /Resources 53 0 R /Contents 56 0 R /Rotate 90 /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 36 36 576 756 ] >> endobj 53 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text /ImageC /ImageI ] /Font << /TT2 57 0 R >> /XObject << /Im1 59 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 63 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 55 0 R /Cs8 54 0 R >> >> endobj 54 0 obj [ /Indexed 55 0 R 15 62 0 R ] endobj 55 0 obj [ /ICCBased 61 0 R ] endobj 56 0 obj << /Length 459 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream In May 1965, 1278 was purchased by F. Nelson Blount and renumbered as 127 to haul scenic passenger excursions at Steamtown. Never strike any object under steam or air pressure. He was then helped by the fireman and other members of the train crew. -Dana Corporation, Paris Tennessee, 400 Hp fire-tube boiler explosion 6/19/2007. Contributing Institution Temple University. The accident that "brought the house down" was with Gettysburg Railroad 1278. If a boiler ruptures suddenly, the water inside churns instantly andviolently into steam, expanding to 1,600 times itsvolume. Posts: 160. On June 16, 1995, steam engine No. The Gettysburg Railroad went through a total of four steam locomotives in use and they only had two by 1988. The branch was acquired by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, which then sold the line to a new company, the Blairsville & Indiana Railroad, in 1976. 0000002920 00000 n 3254. Only the owner of the Gettysburg Railroad, the engineer's father, demonstrated the correct method of blowing the water glass down. Try a new search. 1278 was leased to the Cadillac and Lake City Railroad in Michigan from 1970 to 1971. 1278 pulled her last excursion train for Steamtown in 1976, before it was removed from service due to her flue time running out, and it was subsequently put back on static display and replaced by G3c 4-6-2 No. Gettysburg Railroad 1278: June 16, 1995: Locomotive 1278 never operated in Scranton. Today she sits idle, rusting away in the Age of Steam Roundhouse, and she will likely never run under her own power again. No. 1278, built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in Kingston, Ontario, in 1948, is a 4-6-2 with four small wheels in front, six large wheels in the mid-section and two small wheels in back. Creator Zahn, Frank G., 1925-2008. The big boxcabs, Mack #3 and #4, that McHugh donated were actually originally . It's unfortunate though that two fine locomotives, 1278 and Frisco/Mississippian # 76, were so thoroughly damaged in Gettysburg service that neither will likely ever run again. Then, after some repair work, the locomotive returned to Steamtown, USA in Bellows Falls, VT where it served on excursion runs. Its very Willy-Wonka-esque inside the cab of a locomotive. Gettysburg returned 1278 to service and operated her on . [3] Between January and June 1995, both locomotives were inspected by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and deemed to be in good enough working order to remain in service. PA she was traded to the Gettysburg Railroad for their CN 2-8-2 No. Canadian Pacific No. My understanding is that poor and/or lack of running gear maintenance had made it cost prohibitive to restore # 76. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for the best Used Car Dealers in Taneytown, MD. [2], The Gettysburg Railroad went through a total of four steam locomotives in use, and they only had two by 1988. The new number remained on the locomotive from 1966 until 1973, when its former number was restored. Before my finaltrip around the village, several museum visitorsboarded the train. Steam locomotives have redundant systems to prevent your sweet lil Thomas the Train from mutatinginto the Terror Train Express. Gettysburg Railroad 1278 train. The branch was acquired by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, which then sold the line to a new company, the Blairsville & Indiana Railroad, in 1976. The 23.4 mi line ran from Gettysburg to Mount Holly Springs. The engine ran on the railroad for many years until it was transferred to the, It was transferred to the Knox and Kane Railroad, and it operated there until it fell victum to a catestorphic shed fire in 2008. 0000027522 00000 n It is highly successful and later becomes the modern TV. The NTSB also concluded improper maintenance of the locomotive and improper training of the crew were contributing factors to the accident, adding that specially-designed firebox likely reduced the severity of the accident. A steam locomotive is essentially a boiler on wheels. Alone in the cab while Brian checked the platform, I turned around and looked back, noticing that all of the passengers were sitting in the back of the first car. In such cases, you might hear the KA, but you wont hear the BOOM. Canadian Pacific 1278 is a perfect example of why steam locomotives must be treated with the utmost respect and care. The NTSB also found that the locomotive's water glass was severely blocked with scale, which caused it to give inaccurate readings and make it appear as though the water level in the boiler was sufficient for safe operation. 0000001521 00000 n Looks like it's a little way past the campus football field but I'm not entirely sure where exactly the wye starts. Jelm feb. 1, railway mail clerk Examina Tion in Cumberland. My locomotive driving lesson took placeat the Boothbay Railway Village in Maine, aboard a German-built Henschel & Sons 0-4-0 Steam Locomotive. The Pennines restricted canal development, so the railway provided a realistic alternative, especially with the growth in coal usage from the mines in the North East and Yorkshire. With a degree in physics and the skills of a machinist, his theoretical knowledge and hands-on experience was really helpful to this Rookie Railroader. It also operated a tourist railroad under a subsidiary . It currently remains on static display as 1556 at the. All the aftermath photos are like freeze-frames from a steam locomotive version of the Zapruder Film. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Ex-Gettysburg Railroad, ex-Canadian Pacific 1278 is now part of Jerry Joe Jacobsons "Age of Steam" collection in Ohio,and to my knowledge there's no plans to restore it to operation. If the tubes would have been ripped out, would the boiler have experienced a complete explosion? The railroad shipped freight for local companies and interchanged with CSX Transportation at Carlisle Junction in Mount Holly Springs. Dept 147-j, Rochester n jn20 aft buy and Bell Railroad j. Klawan. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! The FRA came out with new rules and regulations and inspections. It was built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in April 1948 for the Canadian Pacific Railway. The 23.4 mi (37.7 km) line ran from Gettysburg to Mount Holly Springs. never went to prison. The excursion train was delayed 45 minutes until a diesel could be connected to complete the train's trip. The railroad was built in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway. Retrieved 2017-08-13. owners and operators. Steam, Diesel, Electric, Pneumatic, Hydraulic. No. 1278 was moved inside the Age of Steam Roundhouse in Sugarcreek, Ohio, safely out of the weather. H\n0E&2qRAM-S6t% -(H3Cc7$GRzEZ0pVR#*9uw\ et,w"_;4P/8fp0%gE0HMnY;h>*?q"EPtKSRY\E>f The railroad was built in the late 19th century and opened in 1891 as the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railway.The line was later leased to the Reading Railroad and operated as the "Gettysburg Branch." Following the Reading's bankruptcy in 1971, it sold portions of its assets to the new-formed Conrail in 1976, however the Gettysburg branch was not included in the transfer. I've often wondered that too, Mr. Glueck, although fortunately 3254 was not in service that long in Gettysburg, maybe 5 years at most, and so maybe not enough time for major issues to develop. 14 9. To be able to safely and competently operate any locomotive means you must spend hours in the cab to becomebecome familiar with its uniqueness. If the water level is not maintained over the crown sheet it can warp and . Canadian Pacific Railway sold the locomotive. [13] 1278. John B. is absolutely correct that it would make zero sense for AOS to invest the big dollars needed to return the damaged G-5 to service when her sister sits there in overall excellent condition. When she operates at Steamtown her tender was relettered twice. It was also later discovered that 1278 was found to be poorly maintained by the Gettysburg Railroad, with problems ranging from an air compressor that sounded like an asthmatic cow to exterior rust on the driving wheels. 5450 while hauling the 20th Century Limited: September 7, 1943: Locomotive . Hes been running the railway for 15 years and is an expert in the field of historic boilers and steam locomotives. Pushing the throttle forward allows steam into the cylinders, sending the piston inside hurtling forward, expelling a burst of vaporized waterPRUFFT! Originally built by the Canadian Locomotive Company in 1948, and is a type, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1920, and is a, Originally built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1927, and is a type 280 type steam locomotive. 0000004324 00000 n It was acquired by the Railroad in 1977. She serves as a reminder that steam locomotives must always be respected. Franklin Institute. [2] The damage from the firebox incident is repairable, and the engine could be restored to operation if desired,[3] however, the engine remains on static display within the roundhouse as of 2022. Built in 1920 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, you'll see number 76 switching the Gettysburg yard, then hop on board for a special excursion run to Mount Holly Springs, PA and back. Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! He modeled trains mostly in HO Scale, (scale defines a models size in comparison to a real train) which is 87 times smaller than the real thing; pretty tiny in comparison. There is a bullet lodged inside, about .58 cal. That is, if youre found. Alaska Railroad to Zambian Railroads, we want to see them all. The railroad shipped freight for local companies and interchanged with CSX Transportation in Gettysburg and Conrail at Carlisle Junction in Mount Holly Springs. Every steam railroad makes a big show of topping off the water, you know, using the water tower and overflowing the tank and spraying water everywhere. Begs the question of whether the progression of unsloped crowns which do arch from the sides up to the center might be designed with progressive rows longitudinally?
What Happened To Dickie Baker Krays, Penny Hess Actress, Tale Of Heike Sparknotes, Farm Land For Sale In Oaxaca, Mexico, Articles G