[59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. "Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees", Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014), Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. Din vin: Kanna Hashimoto Kento Yamazaki Ryo Yoshizawa. [46], During the First Indochina War, the Indochinese Communist Party formed the Pathet Lao independence organisation. [141] Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. Very few of the Lao refugees, however, were willing to return voluntarily. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as ecotourism destinations.[137]. [89], The European Union,[90] UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. A gradual, limited return to private enterprise and the liberalization of foreign investment laws began in 1988. [153][154] Buddhism has long been one of the most important social forces in Laos. The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. Wiktionary Advertisement Find Similar Words Find similar words to kingdom-of-laos using the buttons below. [154] Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. Let's say that Thailand, being inspired by Russia's recent moves towards Ukraine, decides that Laos is a fake country that deserves to be reunified with the Thai motherland. Laos used to be a part of Thailand and the Lao and Thai languages are mutually intelligible. So, Thailand decides to invade Laos. Fa Ngum, also spelled Fa Ngoun, (born 1316died 1374), founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. The economy has benefited from high-profile foreign direct investment in hydropower dams along the Mekong River, copper and gold mining, logging, and construction, although some projects in these industries have drawn criticism for their environmental impacts. [182] Its national football team is a member of the Asian Football Confederation and of the ASEAN Football Federation. )investment in fixed capital: 30.9% (2017 est. English, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has become increasingly studied in recent years. [68] Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with Vietnam and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China. Other carriers serving the country include Bangkok Airways, Vietnam Airlines, AirAsia, Thai Airways and China Eastern Airlines. [32], In 1520, Photisarath came to the throne and moved the capital from Luang Prabang to Vientiane to avoid a Burmese invasion. ), total dependency ratio: 54.7youth dependency ratio: 48elderly dependency ratio: 6.7potential support ratio: 14.8 (2021 est. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the French Union. US Representative Steve Gunderson, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (2020 est. Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measuresboth impact negatively upon human rights. According to the USCommittee for Refugees, he was arrested by Lao security forces and was never seen again. )8,679.409 (2019 est. )-$230.973 million (2020 est. ", "Laos Deputy PM Douangchay Phichit dies in plane crash", "Laos plane crash kills defence minister and senior officials", "Lao Defense Chief Among Plane Crash Victims", "Hmong Leader's Vanishing In Laos Reverberates in U.S.", Reports on results of investigations of allegations concerning the welfare of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand and Laos, "Refugee Admissions Program for East Asia", "History of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force", Report on the situation in the Xaysomboun Special Zone and 1100 Hmong-Lao refugees who escaped to Petchabun, Thailand during 20042005, Thailand: EU Presidency Declaration on the situation of Hmong refugees, "Hmong refugees facing removal from Thailand", Deportation of Hmong Lao refugees stopped in last minute, Hmong: UNHCR Protests Refugee Deportation, "Somsanga's Secrets | Arbitrary Detention, Physical Abuse, and Suicide inside a Lao Drug Detention Center", "In charts: How the Philippines fares in Southeast Asia", "Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review: Eighth session of the UPR Working Group of the Human Rights Council", "Human Rights Watch Concerns on Laos Submitted in advance of the EU-Laos Human Rights Dialogue October 2015", "Human Rights Abuses in Laos Must be Tackled Now", "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016", "Free former student leaders arbitrarily detained for 17 years", "Amnesty International Report 2016/17: Laos", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill Hmong Christians", "Laos, Vietnam troops kill four Hmong Christians: NGO", "Two teenagers rescued from forced prostitution in Laos", "Chinese marriage proposals become prostitution nightmares for some Lao girls", "Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793965, "Preparing the Cumulative Impact Assessment for the Nam Ngum 3 Hydropower Project: Financed by the Japan Special Fund", "Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report Laos", International Food Policy Research Institute, "UN expert: Lao PDR's economic strategy entrenches poverty", Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, European Council On Tourism And Trade Delegation Visit To Laos-World Best Tourist Destination European Council On Tourism And Trade, "The Lao People's Democratic Republic's Vision for Ecotourism", "China's BRI and its High-Speed Railways to Nowhere", "Focales n 8. [124] Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. ), $14.9 billion (31 December 2017 est. $58.264 billion (2021 est. "Lao Refugees Return Home Under European Union Repatriation Program", Associated Press Worldstream, 22 11, 1994. After centuries of gradual decline, Laos came under the domination of Siam (Thailand) from the late 18th century until the late 19th century, when it became part of French Indochina. ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. [81] Debate on the issue escalated quickly. Laos can be considered to consist of three geographical areas: north, central, and south. Now the Lao People's Democratic Republic . WebFor the history of Laos under the joint Franco-Japanese protectorate, see Laos (Indochinese Union). $2.99 + $2.50 shipping . The Laos Government carried out resettlement programs between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to relocate ethnic minority groups from the rural northern highlands to development areas in the lowlands ostensibly to alleviate poverty, make basic services more accessible, eliminate slash-and-burn agriculture and opium production, integrate ethnic minorities, and control rebel groups (including Hmong insurgents). For many, however, resettlement has exacerbated poverty, led to the loss of livelihoods, and increased food insecurity and mortality rates. As the resettlement programs started to wane in the second half of the 1990s, migration from the northern highlands to urban centers chiefly the capital Vientiane to pursue better jobs in the growing manufacturing and service sectors became the main type of relocation. Migration of villagers from the south seeking work in neighboring Thailand also increased. Thailand is the main international migration destination for Laotians because of the greater availability of jobs and higher pay than at home; nearly a million Laotian migrants were estimated to live in Thailand as of 2015. ), rice, roots/tubers nes, cassava, sugar cane, vegetables, bananas, maize, watermelons, coffee, taro, mining (copper, tin, gold, gypsum); timber, electric power, agricultural processing, rubber, construction, garments, cement, tourism, agriculture: 73.1%industry: 6.1%services: 20.6% (2012 est. )consumption: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1907 defined the current Lao border with Thailand. It briefly gained independence in 1945 after Japanese occupation but was re-colonised by France until it won autonomy in 1949. (approximately $100 million)0.2% of GDP (2016 est.) WebThe Kingdom of Laos was a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning with its independence on 9 November 1953. [15][16] Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's fastest growing economies by the World Bank with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009. The national carrier is Lao Airlines. )-$1.32 billion (2019 est. Laos has nine daily newspapers, 90 magazines, 43 radio stations, and 32 TV stations operating throughout the country. note: data are in current year dollars$6.985 billion (2019 est. The close ties between Laos and Vietnam were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. )wind: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [112] Laos is an origin country for sexually trafficked persons. Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est. [80] Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified greatly, especially in the United States, where it drew strong opposition from many American conservatives and some human rights advocates. "Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. [152], Sixty-six percent of Laotians were Theravada Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of Satsana Phi) in 2010. Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. ), production: 16.04 million metric tons (2020 est. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. [139]:8 Songthaews are used in the country for long-distance and local public transport. ), lowest 10%: 3.3%highest 10%: 30.3% (2008), revenues: 3.099 billion (2017 est. [43] As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move massive Vietnamese population to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain, Savannakhet region, and the Bolaven Plateau, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. [74] Their Russian-built Antonov AN 74-300 with 20 people on board crashed in Xiangkhouang Province. Lao People's Democratic Republic", Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia, "Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation? The main international airports are Vientiane's Wattay International Airport and Luang Prabang International Airport with Pakse International Airport also having a few international flights. Under Vietnamese pressure, he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826. Quc gia: Nht Bn. With one-party state status of Laos, the General Secretary (party leader) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the supreme leader. Laos's first expressway, the VientianeBoten Expressway, parallels both Route 13 and the BotenVientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. )solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. [65] Provinces are further divided into districts (muang) and then villages (ban). Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while Champasak eventually came under Siamese suzerainty. )$7,800 (2020 est. )from petroleum and other liquids: 2.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est. [121] The irrigated areas under cultivation account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". Setthathirath became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos, That Luang. )male: 53.3% (2020 est. 1946. )female: 10.3% (2020 est. There are two plateaux, the Xiangkhoang in the north and the Bolaven Plateau at the southern end. Kingdom of Laos + Add translation Add Kingdom of Laos "Kingdom of Laos" in English - Finnish dictionary. [39] Laos never held any importance for France[40] other than as a buffer state between Thailand and the more economically important Annam and Tonkin. As of 2011[update], Nhn Dn ('The People') and the Xinhua News Agency are the only foreign media organisations permitted to open offices in Laosboth opened bureaus in Vientiane in 2011. [155] Government expenditure on health is about four percent of GDP,[155] about US$18 (PPP) in 2006. From 1975 to 1996, the United States resettled some 250,000 Lao refugees from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. )1.03% (2020 est. [140], Laos has made particularly noteworthy progress increasing access to sanitation. The Lao Royals are now based in France, where they work to achieve a change of government in Laos. King Sisavang Vong of Luang Phrabang became ruler of a unified Laos, and Vientiane once again became the capital. [113] A number of citizens, primarily women and girls from all ethnic groups and foreigners, have been victims of sex trafficking in Laos. ), total: 37.78 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 41.76 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 33.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. ), $7,800 (2021 est. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. Sticky rice is generally preferred over jasmine rice, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. )$56.827 billion (2020 est. Typically, SEZs grant China multi-decade leases to develop the land. In the case of Boten, Laos agreed to a 90-year land-lease deal with China. Also like in Cambodia, such agreements give the impression that Laos is becoming, or is already, a semi-colony of China. [139]:8 Electricity is available to 93% of the population. ), -1.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est. 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